Egypt: Facts & Stats

ECONOMY

Industry:

Industry accounted for 30% of GDP in 2001. Major industrial products included textiles, chemicals (including fertilizers, polymers, and petrochemicals), pharmaceuticals, food processing, petroleum, construction, cement, metals, and light consumer goods. The clothing and textiles sector is the largest industrial employer.

Greater Cairo, Alexandria, and Helwan are Egypt's main industrial centers, producing iron and steel, textiles, refined petroleum products, plastics, building materials, electronics, paper, trucks and automobiles, and chemicals.

The petroleum industry accounts for 40% of export earnings. In 2002, the country had 9 oil refineries, and was producing 631,616 barrels per day of crude oil, down from 748,000 barrels per day in 2000. Egypt is encouraging oil exploration, but natural gas is becoming the focus of the country's oil and gas industries.

In 2002, two multi-billion dollar liquefied natural gas projects designed to export gas to Europe were underway. A large natural gas field off the Mediterranean coast of the Egyptian city Damietta was discovered in 2002, with the field's reserves estimated at 530–1,060 billion cubic feet. Natural gas reserves in the country are estimated at 55 trillion cubic feet (Tcf).

Agriculture:

Cotton has been the staple crop, but it is no longer important as an export. Production in 1999 was 243,000 tons. Egypt is also a substantial producer of wheat, corn, sugarcane, fruit and vegetables, fodder, and rice. Citrus, dates, and grapes are the principal fruits by acreage.

Egypt's arable area totals about 3.3 million hectares (8.1 million acres), about one-quarter of which is land reclaimed from the desert. However, the reclaimed lands only add 7% to the total value of agricultural production. Even though only 3% of the land is arable, it is extremely productive and can be cropped two or even three times per year.

Research & Development:

Founded in 1971, the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology in Cairo is the national body responsible for science and technology. Egypt also has 12 specialized learned societies in the fields of agriculture, medicine, science, and technology. The National Research Center, also in Cairo, carries out research in pure and applied sciences.

The Ministry of Agriculture has 20 attached research institutes in Cairo and Giza. Twenty other institutes conduct research in medicine, science, and technology. In 1987–97, research and development expenditures totaled 0.2% of GNP; 341 technicians and 459 scientists and engineers per million people engaged in research and development.

Located in Cairo are museums devoted to agriculture, geology, railways, and marine technology. In addition to polytechnic institutes in Cairo and Mansoura, Egypt in 1996 had 13 universities offering courses in basic and applied sciences. In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 12% of college and university enrollments.

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